This module covers the theoretical fundamentals as well as the practical laboratory understanding of the formation and aging processes in lithium-ion batteries with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes and graphite anodes. The formation step is one of the most important processes in cell manufacturing, as it involves the formation of the initial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite surface through controlled charging and discharging protocols. Proper formation significantly influences the cycle stability, safety, internal resistance, and long-term electrochemical performance of the cell.
The course combines theoretical fundamentals with practical electrochemical methods. Participants gain hands-on experience in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic cycling, and thermal stability testing at various temperatures. Special attention is given to temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms, SEI growth, lithium plating, electrolyte degradation, and the development of internal resistance during aging. The course also addresses how manufacturing defects can affect the resulting performance.
The practical component covers the application of EIS, the interpretation of Nyquist plots, the analysis of thermal behavior, and the evaluation of electrochemical data relevant to research and industrial battery development.
Learning Objectives
- Participants understand the electrochemical and physicochemical mechanisms involved in the formation and aging of LFP-graphite lithium-ion cells and can explain their influence on cell performance and long-term stability.
- Participants develop practical skills in selected electrochemical and thermal characterization exercises and can interpret example results from EIS, cycle stability, and thermal stability tests to describe cell behavior under different operating temperatures.
- Participants can interpret electrochemical data to identify degradation mechanisms and derive measures for optimizing battery performance, safety, and lifespan.